Liquid state ndi dera lapakati pakati pa solid state ndi gaseous state.Zitsulo zolimba zimapangidwa ndi njere zambiri, zitsulo za gasi zimapangidwa ndi ma atomu amodzi omwe amafanana ndi magawo otanuka, ndipo zitsulo zamadzimadzi zimapangidwa ndi magulu ambiri a ma atomu.
1. Makhalidwe a zitsulo zamadzimadzi
Liquid state ndi dera lapakati pakati pa solid state ndi gaseous state.Zitsulo zolimba zimapangidwa ndi njere zambiri za kristalo, zitsulo zamagesi zimapangidwa ndi ma atomu amodzi omwe amafanana ndi magawo otanuka, ndipo zitsulo zamadzimadzi zimapangidwa ndi magulu ambiri a atomiki, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ali ndi izi.
(1) Gulu lililonse la atomiki lili ndi ma atomu khumi ndi awiri mpaka mazana, omwe amakhalabe ndi mphamvu zomangira zamphamvu mu gulu la atomiki ndipo amatha kusunga mawonekedwe a olimba.Komabe, mgwirizano pakati pa magulu a atomiki wawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo mtunda wa pakati pa magulu a atomiki ndi waukulu komanso wosasunthika, ngati kuti pali mabowo.
(2) Magulu a atomiki omwe amapanga zitsulo zamadzimadzi amakhala osakhazikika, nthawi zina amakula ndipo nthawi zina amachepera.Ndizothekanso kusiya magulu a atomiki m'magulu ndikulowa magulu ena a atomiki, kapena kupanga magulu a atomiki.
(3) Kukula kwapakati ndi kukhazikika kwa magulu a atomiki kumakhudzana ndi kutentha.Kutentha kwapamwamba, kumachepetsa kukula kwa magulu a atomiki komanso kukhazikika koipitsitsa.
(4) Pakakhala zinthu zina muzitsulo, chifukwa cha mphamvu zosiyana zomangira pakati pa ma atomu osiyanasiyana, ma atomu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zomangira zamphamvu amatha kusonkhana pamodzi ndikuthamangitsa maatomu ena nthawi imodzi.Choncho, palinso inhomogeneity wa zikuchokera pakati pa atomiki magulu, mwachitsanzo, ndende kusinthasintha, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale wosakhazikika kapena khola mankhwala anapanga.
2. Kusungunuka ndi Kusungunuka
Pa smelting ndondomeko aloyi, pali njira ziwiri munthawi yomweyo kusungunuka ndi kuvunda.Aloyiyo ikatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwina, imayamba kusungunuka, ndipo chikhalidwe chake cha thermodynamic chimatentha kwambiri.Kusungunuka kumatanthauza kuti chitsulo cholimba chimasokonekera ndi chitsulo chosungunula ndikulowa m'njira kuti azindikire kusintha kwachitsulo kukhala madzi.Kusungunuka sikufuna kutentha, koma kutentha kwapamwamba, kumapangitsanso kuthamanga kwachangu.
M'malo mwake, pokhapo pomwe gawo losungunuka la alloying limakhala lalitali kuposa kutentha kwa yankho la alloy copper, njira ya alloying element yomwe imalowa mu melt ndi njira yosungunula yoyera.Mu aloyi zamkuwa, mwachitsanzo, zigawo zachitsulo, faifi tambala, chromium ndi manganese komanso zinthu zopanda zitsulo za silicon, carbon, ndi zina zotero, zimamveka kuti zimakhala ndi ndondomeko yowonongeka mmenemo.Ndipotu, njira zonse zosungunula ndi zowonongeka zimachitika nthawi imodzi, ndi kusungunuka kumalimbikitsa kusungunuka.
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwachitsulo.
Choyamba, kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri, kusungunuka kumakhala kokoma kwambiri.
Kachiwiri, zimagwirizana ndi malo a chinthu chomwe chikusungunuka, kukula kwapamwamba, kufulumira kwa kusungunuka.
Kusungunuka kwachitsulo kumagwirizananso ndi kayendedwe ka kusungunuka.Pamene kusungunuka kumayenda, chiwerengero cha kusungunuka chimakhala chachikulu kuposa chachitsulo mu static melt, ndipo mofulumira kusungunuka kumayenda, mofulumira kusungunuka kudzakhala.
Kusungunuka ndi Alloying
Pamene ma alloys amapangidwa koyamba, ankaganiza kuti kusungunuka kuyenera kuyamba ndi zigawo zomwe zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka (ndikukhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri).Mwachitsanzo, pamene ma alloys amkuwa a 80% ndi 20% nickel adapangidwa koyamba, faifi tambala yokhala ndi malo osungunuka a 1451 ° C idasungunuka koyamba kenako mkuwa adawonjezedwa.Ena amasungunula mkuwa ndikuwotcha mpaka 1500 ℃ asanawonjezere faifi tambala kuti asungunuke.Pambuyo pa chiphunzitso cha alloys, makamaka chiphunzitso cha zothetsera, njira ziwiri zosungunula zomwe zili pamwambazi zinasiyidwa.
Kuyika kwa zinthu zopanda alloying
Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira komanso mvula yazinthu zopanda alloying muzitsulo ndi aloyi.
Zowonongeka zomwe zimabweretsedwa muzitsulo zachitsulo
Ngakhale zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwira popanga fakitale yathu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zili muzinthu zosadetsedwa zomwe zili pachiwopsezo zidzapitilira kuwonjezeka chifukwa chazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.Ponena za kusakaniza zinthu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zogulidwa zomwe zili ndi chiyambi chosadziwika bwino, zonyansa zomwe zingatheke ndi zotsatira zomwe zingatheke nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosayembekezereka.
Kusankhidwa kolakwika kwa zinthu zopangira ng'anjo
Zinthu zina zomwe zimasungunuka zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi kutentha kosungunuka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-18-2022